Social Entrepreneurship Ecosystems in Bulgaria: Levels, Key Actors, Success Factors and Social and Environmental Impact

Abstract

Social entrepreneurship ecosystems can address society’s wicked problems more rapidly and on a larger scale than a single social enterprise working alone. However, research on their types, levels, success factors, and environmental impact remains limited. This paper partially addresses these research gaps through a qualitative case study in Bulgaria, identifying eight types of social entrepreneurship ecosystems – five at the organizational level, one at the regional level, and two at the national level. It maps the main actors and their roles, highlighting 13 collaboration challenges. The study also identifies six social and ten environmental issues tackled by social enterprises and their ecosystems, and 28 factors influencing ecosystem sustainability. By clarifying ecosystem types, operational levels, environmental impact, and success factors, particularly in a country from Eastern Europe, the paper advances understanding of social entrepreneurship ecosystems. The findings provide practical guidance for social entrepreneurs and policymakers relevant to developing effective ecosystems and shaping supportive state policies.